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中国航天 5

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The “Tiangong” Chinese Space Station project

Yang HONG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第2期页码 278-283 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018202

关键词： manned space station space station project basic design

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载人航天技术及其发展

戚发轫

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第1期页码 1-6

摘要：

太空是人类继陆地、海洋、大气层之后的第四活动领域。第四活动领域具有高真空、微重力、强辐射、改变昼夜节律等特点，为人类的发展带来了巨大的潜力和开发前景。以发展载人航天器为重点的、由航天员参与的载人航天技术是以对太空进行探索以及利用太空环境进行科学研究、资源开发与应用的综合工程技术，它是新技术群中的一个重要领域，是高技术密集的尖端科学技术。

文章从载人航天技术的概念、内容和发展载人航天技术的意义三个方面对载人航天技术进行阐述，说明载人航天技术对人类社会发展的重要性。文章还对世界载人航天技术发展的概况与未来的发展做了介绍，最后提出了中国发展载人航天技术的设想。

关键词：载人航天高技术概念发展

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中国载人航天“飞船起步”的战略思考

赵少奎

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第2期页码 8-12

摘要：

对我国载人航天的概念研究、技术途径论证，以及中国载人航天发展的战略思考和“飞船起步”的决策过程进行了分析与小结,提出了我国发展现代宏大工程应站在国家发展的全局上进行深层次的战略思考。

关键词：中国载人航天飞船技术途径战略思考

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天基发射与载人登月初探

张泽明,姜毅,傅德彬

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第10期页码 37-41

摘要：

登月是载人航天向深空探测的延续，它与载人飞船工程相比，可靠性要求更高，工程规模更大，资金投入更多。结合国外登月历程和我国航天事业取得的重大成就，探讨了利用现有运载技术，分批次将登月飞船和航天员送入近地轨道，并在天基发射平台上进行组装发射，实现载人登月的设想；并就天基发射平台和天基发射方式进行了初步探讨。

关键词：登月天基发射发射平台登月轨道技术途径

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中国进入空间能力的现状与展望

龙乐豪,王小军,果琳丽

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第11期页码 25-28

摘要：

总结了国外航天运输系统的现状及发展趋势；对比分析了我国长征系列运载火箭的现状和差距；提出了增强我国进入空间能力的五个发展方向，即改进现役运载火箭、研制新一代运载火箭系列、发展快速机动发射小型运载火箭、具备载人登月及深空运输能力、探索重复使用运输技术。

关键词：航天长征火箭家族载人登月重复使用运载器

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综合集成方法的实践——“中国载人航天发展战略”研究方法总结

钱振业,杨广耀,韦德森,程玲珠

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第12期页码 10-15

摘要：

中国要不要搞载人航天？怎么搞载人航天？采取何种发展战略和技术途径，涉及政治、经济、军事、社会和科技诸多方面。遵照钱学森院士创建的系统学提出的“定性与定量相结合的综合集成方法”，结合中国国情，以软科学命题，从指导思想、研究步骤和研究方法几方面进行了研究，研究结果表明，“面对世界载人航天的挑战和机遇，中国载人航天不可不搞，也不能大搞，飞船起步，平稳发展万无一失。盲自赶超或急于缩小差距均将陷入困境，疑虑过多以至坐视不顾，也会失掉机会和希望。”文章对该软科学命题做了总结。

关键词：决策研究综合集成飞船工程

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Nonlinear sealing force of a seawater balance valve used in an 11000-meter manned submersible

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0726-y

摘要： Balance valve is a core component of the 11000-meter manned submersible “struggle,” and its sealing performance is crucial and challenging when the maximum pressure difference is 118 MPa. The increasing sealing force improves the sealing performance and increases the system’s energy consumption at the same time. A hybrid analytical–numerical–experimental (ANE) model is proposed to obtain the minimum sealing force, ensuring no leakage at the valve port and reducing energy consumption as much as possible. The effects of roundness error, environmental pressure, and materials on the minimum sealing force are considered in the ANE model. The basic form of minimum sealing force equations is established, and the remaining unknown coefficients of the equations are obtained by the finite element method (FEM). The accuracy of the equation is evaluated by comparing the independent FEM data to the equation data. Results of the comparison show good agreement, and the difference between the independent FEM data and equation data is within 3% when the environmental pressure is 0–118 MPa. Finally, the minimum sealing force equation is applied in a balance valve to be experimented using a deep-sea simulation device. The balance valve designed through the minimum sealing force equation is leak-free in the experiment. Thus, the minimum sealing force equation is suitable for the ultrahigh pressure balance valve and has guiding significance for evaluating the sealing performance of ultrahigh pressure balance valves.

关键词： seawater balance valve sealing performance hybrid ANE model FEM minimum sealing force equation

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载人深潜技术的发展与应用

胡震,曹俊

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第6期页码 87-94 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.06.017

摘要：

载人潜水器是深海进入、探测、开发和保护的重要技术手段和装备，代表着潜水器技术的发展前沿。本文简述了国外深海载人潜水器装备与技术的发展现状，梳理了我国在本领域的装备与技术发展以及探索应用情况，重点介绍了我国载人深潜技术三大里程碑成就：基于“蛟龙”号和“深海勇士”号的研制经验，形成了我国载人深潜技术体系；在 4500~7000 m潜深范围，我国载人深潜技术总体上已处于国际前沿，且具有自主知识产权；载人深潜技术向着全海深、全海域的谱系化发展思路已趋于明朗。未来 15年，我国载人潜水器领域的发展重点是巩固提高作业能力，积极拓展应用领域，不断提高智能化、轻量化、重载化和集群协同水平，精心打造产业链条，成为载人深潜技术强国。

关键词：潜水器载人深海关键技术谱系化

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中国的载人运载火箭

刘竹生

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第11期页码 29-32

摘要：

高可靠、高安全和高质量，确保航天员绝对安全，是对载人运载火箭的最主要要求。简要介绍了CZ-2F载人运载火箭的总体方案、系统组成以及设计的基本原则。

关键词：载人运载火箭系统组成设计原则

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Comparison of shallow tunneling method with pile and rib method for construction of subway station in

Sina AMIRI; Ali Naghi DEHGHAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第6期页码 704-717 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0746-4

摘要： In the present study, a comparison between the new shallow tunneling method (STM) and the traditional pile and rib method (PRM) was conducted to excavate and construct subway stations in the geological conditions of Tehran. First, by selecting Station Z6 located in the Tehran Subway Line 6 as a case study, the construction process was analyzed by PRM. The maximum ground settlement of 29.84 mm obtained from this method was related to the station axis, and it was within the allowable settlement limit of 30 mm. The acceptable agreement between the results of numerical modeling and instrumentation data indicated the confirmation and accuracy of the excavation and construction process of Station Z6 by PRM. In the next stage, based on the numerical model validated by instrumentation data, the value of the ground surface settlement was investigated during the station excavation and construction by STM. The results obtained from STM showed a significant reduction in the ground surface settlement compared to PRM. The maximum settlement obtained from STM was 6.09 mm as related to the front of the excavation face. Also, the sensitivity analysis results denoted that in addition to controlling the surface settlement by STM, it is possible to optimize some critical geometric parameters of the support system during the station excavation and construction.

关键词： shallow tunneling method pile and rib method ground surface settlement subway station construction numerical modeling

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Physiological effects of weightlessness: countermeasure system development for a long-term Chinese manned

Linjie Wang, Zhili Li, Cheng Tan, Shujuan Liu, Jianfeng Zhang, Siyang He, Peng Zou, Weibo Liu, Yinghui Li

《医学前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 202-212 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0587-7

摘要： The Chinese space station will be built around 2020. As a national space laboratory, it will offer unique opportunities for studying the physiological effects of weightlessness and the efficacy of the countermeasures against such effects. In this paper, we described the development of countermeasure systems in the Chinese space program. To emphasize the need of the Chinese space program to implement its own program for developing countermeasures, we reviewed the literature on the negative physiological effects of weightlessness, the challenges of completing missions, the development of countermeasure devices, the establishment of countermeasure programs, and the efficacy of the countermeasure techniques in American and Russian manned spaceflights. In addition, a brief overview was provided on the Chinese research and development on countermeasures to discuss the current status and goals of the development of countermeasures against physiological problems associated with weightlessness.

关键词： countermeasure physiological effects of weightlessness effect evaluation long-term manned spaceflight

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Virtual reality system of manned maneuvering unit taking into consideration the disturbance from an astronaut

CHENG Jian, FAN Xiu-min, XU An, HONG Xin, HUANG Wei-dong

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2006年第1卷第3期页码 282-287 doi: 10.1007/s11465-006-0042-y

摘要： This paper describes a manned maneuvering unit (MMU) virtual reality system. Based on the dynamics/kinematics model of an astronaut equipped with an MMU, a disturbance model of the astronaut s arms under zero gravity conditions is developed. After measuring three initial-position information, the astronaut s arms tracking information is inputted by some tracker setting on an operator using real-time emendation and correction. Finally, the paper presents two different results between loading and unloading the disturbance model within the progress of simulation. From the different results, we find that the motion of an astronaut s arms has greater influence over space walking with the same control mode. The MMU virtual reality provides a new method for the simulation of real space walking, and also a perfect method for developing prototype MMU.

关键词： real-time emendation disturbance maneuvering MMU correction

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二滩水电站——本世纪建成的我国最大的水电站

黄新生

《中国工程科学》 1999年第1卷第1期页码 86-86

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Understanding the demand predictability of bike share systems: A station-level analysis

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 551-565 doi: 10.1007/s42524-023-0279-8

摘要： Predicting demand for bike share systems (BSSs) is critical for both the management of an existing BSS and the planning for a new BSS. While researchers have mainly focused on improving prediction accuracy and analysing demand-influencing factors, there are few studies examining the inherent randomness of stations’ observed demands and to what degree the demands at individual stations are predictable. Using Divvy bike-share one-year data from Chicago, USA, we measured demand entropy and quantified the station-level predictability. Additionally, to verify that these predictability measures could represent the performance of prediction models, we implemented two commonly used demand prediction models to compare the empirical prediction accuracy with the calculated entropy and predictability. Furthermore, we explored how city- and system-specific temporally-constant features would impact entropy and predictability to inform estimating these measures when historical demand data are unavailable. Our results show that entropy of demands across stations is polarized as some stations exhibit high uncertainty (a low entropy of 0.65) and others have almost no check-out demand uncertainty (a high entropy of around 1.0). We also validated that the entropy and predictability are a priori model-free indicators for prediction error, given a sequence of bike usage demands. Lastly, we identified that key factors contributing to station-level entropy and predictability include per capita income, spatial eccentricity, and the number of parking lots near the station. Findings from this study provide more fundamental understanding of BSS demand prediction, which can help decision makers and system operators anticipate diverse station-level prediction errors from their prediction models both for existing stations and for new ones.

关键词： bike share systems demand prediction prediction errors machine learning entropy

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Seismic responses of subway station with different distributions of soft soil in Tianjin

Dejian YANG,Meiling DUAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第2期页码 187-193 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0252-z

摘要： In connection with the practical project of Kunming Road station of Tianjin subway Line 3, the paper established a two-dimensional finite element model with visco-elastic boundary by using ANSYS and analyzed seismic responses of subway station with different distribution of soft soil. The nonlinear dynamic properties of soft soils are modeled by the KINH. And obtain the response rules about displacement and internal force on subway station in the general field soil and five different distributions of soft soil. Provide reference for improving the seismic performance of subway stations in Tianjin soft soil.

关键词： distribution of soft soil soft soil in Tianjin seismic response ANSYS